Japan presents one of the most restrictive surrogacy environments in the developed world for both domestic residents and foreign intended parents. Surrogacy is effectively prohibited through a combination of professional self-regulation, civil law jurisprudence, and increasingly explicit statutory bans. The Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (JSOG) has barred member physicians from performing surrogacy since 2003, meaning virtually no licensed clinic in Japan will undertake surrogacy arr...
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