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Surrogacy Legality

Commercial surrogacy legal status for foreigners

The country comparison

Which countries are best for surrogacy legality

The destinations ranked high→low under this lens — each with the reasoning behind its score, the cited evidence one click down, and its full report. The verdict is free; the report is the depth.

19 / 19 Countries ranked

Researched and assessed by the Epidaurus editorial pipeline against our published scale. A country below the rule is not yet assessed enough — never ranked last.

  1. 1 United States US 4.5/5 Good The United States offers an excellent legal framework for international surrogacy, with 48 of 50 states explicitly permitting commercial surrogacy. Foreign intended parents face no citizenship or residency requirement... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 5 cited points
    • 48 of 50 U.S. states permit commercial surrogacy, with strong statutory frameworks and contract enforceability in California, Massachusetts, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa
    • States that explicitly permit surrogacy impose no specific regulations addressing foreign intended parents—international parents receive legal protection regardless of country or background
    • Pre-birth orders are available in 12+ states (Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Washington), allowing intended parents to be listed on birth certificates before birth
    • Children born in the United States automatically acquire U.S. citizenship under the 14th Amendment, regardless of surrogate or intended parent citizenship, eliminating complex visa/exit procedures
    • Recent legislation strengthens framework: Michigan legalized compensated surrogacy (April 2025), Massachusetts Parentage Act (January 2025), and New York's Surrogate's Bill of Rights (2021)

    Read the full United States report →

  2. 2 Mexico MX 3.0/5 Moderate Mexico's surrogacy legal status is mixed and incomplete. While the 2021 Supreme Court ruling explicitly permits commercial surrogacy for foreign intended parents and establishes constitutional protections, implementat... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 7 cited points
    • 2021 Mexican Supreme Court ruled surrogacy a protected medical procedure and explicitly permitted commercial surrogacy for foreign intended parents
    • Only 2 of 32 Mexican states have implemented surrogacy legislation; 28 states have no legal framework despite the Supreme Court ruling
    • U.S. Embassy explicitly warns 'there is no legal framework to protect parents' and 'surrogacy agreements are not uniformly enforced by Mexican courts'
    • Surrogacy contracts not uniformly enforced; in most jurisdictions not enforceable in court; only 20% of surrogates in Sinaloa had signed contracts (2016-2022)
    • Intended parents must use Amparo constitutional trials post-birth to establish parental rights; 79% success rate but adds complexity and months-long delays
    • August 2025 Supreme Court ruling limited birth certificate amendments for non-genetic parents, narrowing prior protections
    • Genetic linkage requirement means couples needing both donor egg and donor sperm cannot participate

    Read the full Mexico report →

  3. 3 Colombia CO 3.0/5 Moderate Colombia permits commercial surrogacy for foreign intended parents under Constitutional Court jurisprudence (T-968/09, T-127/24), but lacks a comprehensive statutory framework, creating legal unpredictability. While f... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 5 cited points
    • Surrogacy is governed exclusively by Constitutional Court jurisprudence (Sentencia T-968/09 and T-127/24) with no dedicated statutory framework, creating reliance on individual judicial interpretation
    • Foreign intended parents face no citizenship or residency requirement under Article 100 of the Constitution, but genetic link requirement bars double donation arrangements
    • Parental rights are established post-birth via DNA testing and surrogate relinquishment; no pre-birth orders exist; court removal of surrogate from birth certificate takes approximately one year
    • 2024–2025 judicial rulings have increased unpredictability: a 2024 family court refused to remove a surrogate's name citing non-compliance with T-968/09 (compensated surrogate, anonymous egg donor), and April 2025 pluriparentalidad ruling mandates surrogate name inclusion on birth certificates
    • Surrogacy agencies are entirely unregulated with no licensing or government oversight; Ministry of Health exercises only general clinical standards authority, not surrogacy-specific regulation

    Read the full Colombia report →

  4. 4 United Arab Emirates AE 2.0/5 Poor Commercial surrogacy remains prohibited across the entire UAE; only regulated gestational surrogacy is permitted in Abu Dhabi since May 2025, leaving 6 of 7 emirates without legal frameworks. While the framework provi... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 5 cited points
    • Only Abu Dhabi permits gestational surrogacy since May 2025; Dubai and 6 other emirates have no implementing regulations and surrogacy may still be illegal there
    • Commercial surrogacy remains prohibited across entire UAE; only regulated gestational surrogacy with capped compensation is allowed
    • Framework is brand new (operational ~1 year) with zero published court decisions or case law; contract enforceability is theoretical and untested
    • Medical necessity threshold, donor gamete prohibition, heterosexual-couple-only requirement, and possible residency requirement create significant structural barriers
    • Non-Muslim foreign couples (married or unmarried) are explicitly eligible, but parentage is streamlined at birth with no adoption required

    Read the full United Arab Emirates report →

  5. 5 Brazil BR 2.0/5 Poor Brazil's legal environment is poor for surrogacy due to explicit constitutional prohibition of commercial surrogacy with criminal penalties (3–8 years imprisonment under the Organ Transplantation Law), combined with a... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 7 cited points
    • Commercial surrogacy explicitly prohibited under Federal Constitution Article 199, §4 and Organ Transplantation Law (Law 9.434/1997) with criminal penalties of 3–8 years imprisonment
    • Altruistic surrogacy permitted under CFM Resolution 2.320/2022 but governed by professional ethics guidelines only, not by statute
    • Kinship requirement—surrogate must be blood relative up to fourth degree—creates near-total barrier for foreign intended parents; exception authorization discretionary and uncommon
    • Surrogacy contracts required by CFM but lack statutory enforceability; no dedicated dispute resolution mechanism exists
    • No pre-birth order mechanism available; parentage established only post-birth through CNJ administrative registration
    • CNJ administrative system (Provimento 63/2017 / 182/2024) provides streamlined post-birth registration without court order—a functional strength
    • Exit procedures manageable: children automatically acquire Brazilian citizenship; both parents traveling together face no barriers to departure

    Read the full Brazil report →

  6. 6 Malaysia MY 1.5/5 Poor Malaysia presents a fundamentally hostile legal environment for international surrogacy. For Muslims (60% of the population), a 2008 National Fatwa explicitly prohibits all forms of surrogacy. For non-Muslims, the pra... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 6 cited points
    • No statutory framework for surrogacy; 2008 National Fatwa explicitly prohibits all surrogacy for Muslims (60% of population) [IRSYAD FATWA Series 130 - Jabatan Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan - 2018]
    • Surrogacy contracts potentially void under Section 24(e) of Contracts Act 1950 as contrary to public policy; no Malaysian court precedent; no contractual recourse if surrogate refuses to relinquish child [Surrogacy laws in Malaysia: What You Need To Know - Piya Law Chambers - 2025]
    • No pre-birth parental orders exist; Section 112 of Evidence Act 1950 presumes birth mother is legal parent; intended parents must pursue formal adoption with uncertain outcomes that can be voided by any payment [Surrogacy laws in Malaysia - Piya Law Chambers - 2025]
    • MMC guidelines restrict ART to married heterosexual couples and prohibit financial compensation to surrogates, eliminating commercial surrogacy model [Malaysia – Infertility Portal - Infertility Portal - 2024]
    • Children born through surrogacy do not automatically acquire Malaysian citizenship; risk of child statelessness; exit procedures complicated without guaranteed outcome [International Surrogacy and Stateless Children - Amicus Curiae - 2022]
    • Courts explicitly calling for ART legislation (RAH v RAL 2025) but government has shown reluctance to become commercial surrogacy destination [Legal and Ethical Dimensions of Frozen Embryos - HHQ Law - 2025]

    Read the full Malaysia report →

  7. 7 Hungary HU 1.0/5 Poor Hungary explicitly prohibits all forms of surrogacy—commercial and altruistic—through Act CLIV of 1997, Section 166, which establishes a closed list of permitted reproductive procedures excluding surrogacy. Surrogacy ... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 5 cited points
    • Act CLIV of 1997, Section 166 establishes a taxative (closed) list of permitted ART procedures that explicitly excludes surrogacy
    • Act C of 2012, Section 192 classifies surrogacy as human trafficking with criminal penalties of 1-10 years imprisonment for adults, up to life in aggravated circumstances
    • No legal mechanism exists for establishing parental rights; birth mother is automatically legal mother under mater semper certa est principle; no pre-birth orders or post-birth procedures available
    • Absolute prohibition applies identically to foreign intended parents with zero exemptions or regulatory pathways
    • 2020 constitutional amendment defined parents in strictly heterosexual biological terms; 2022 nationalization of all fertility clinics hardened restrictive environment

    Read the full Hungary report →

  8. 8 Israel IL 1.0/5 Poor Commercial surrogacy is explicitly closed to all foreign intended parents under Israeli law. The Embryo Carrying Agreements Law (5756-1996) requires both intended parents and the surrogate mother to be habitual Israel... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 4 cited points
    • Foreign intended parents are categorically ineligible to participate in domestic surrogacy arrangements under Israeli law with no residency waiver or special visa category available
    • Both intended parents and the surrogate mother must hold Israeli habitual residency under the Embryo Carrying Agreements Law (5756-1996), a requirement that has been consistent since enactment and remains unmodified
    • Israeli fertility law specialists and surrogacy firms explicitly state they cannot recommend Israel to international clients and direct non-residents to alternative jurisdictions such as the USA, Canada, and Georgia
    • The 2022 expansion of surrogacy access to same-sex couples and single men is exclusively domestic; these reforms do not open the system to foreign nationals

    Read the full Israel report →

  9. 9 India IN 1.0/5 Poor India's Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 explicitly prohibits all foreign nationals from accessing surrogacy services, with no exceptions or pathways available regardless of marital status or medical circumstances. Cr... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 4 cited points
    • Commercial surrogacy explicitly illegal for foreign intended parents: The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 strictly prohibits foreign nationals, OCIs, and NRIs from accessing any surrogacy arrangements
    • Criminal penalties enforced: Violations carry up to 10 years imprisonment and fines up to Rs 10 lakh, with offenses being cognizable (police can arrest without warrant)
    • No legal pathway for foreigners: Medical visas for surrogacy were suspended in November 2015, and no legal contracts exist for foreign intended parents to establish parental rights
    • Hostile legal environment: The report notes there are effectively no positive legal indicators for foreign intended parents, with the prohibition representing a fundamental policy decision to exclude international surrogacy entirely

    Read the full India report →

  10. 10 Jordan JO 1.0/5 Poor Jordan explicitly prohibits commercial surrogacy for both domestic and foreign intended parents through multiple overlapping legal instruments (Stem Cell Statute No. 10 of 2014, Medical and Health Liability Law No. 25... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 5 cited points
    • Stem Cell Statute No. 10 of 2014 explicitly lists 'surrogacy is not allowed' as a mandatory precondition for lawful IVF, with penalties of 2-12 months imprisonment and fines of 500–1,000 Jordanian Dinars
    • Personal Status Law No. 36 (2010) ties filiation exclusively to birth and valid marriage; no legal pathway exists for surrogacy-based parentage, and pre-birth orders and post-birth recognition mechanisms do not exist
    • No court precedents establish any rights for surrogacy participants; legal scholars recommend more explicit criminalization rather than liberalization
    • 85.1% of Jordanian healthcare workers oppose commercial surrogacy, and no clinic advertises or provides surrogacy services
    • Jordan does not recognize surrogacy-derived parentage orders issued abroad; families returning with children born via overseas surrogacy face serious documentation and legal recognition difficulties

    Read the full Jordan report →

  11. 11 Japan JP 1.0/5 Poor Japan presents an explicitly criminal prohibition on surrogacy as of 2026, with no legal framework or pathway for foreign intended parents. The 2007 Supreme Court precedent establishing that birth mother equals legal ... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 5 cited points
    • Commercial surrogacy is explicitly prohibited with criminal penalties as of 2026: up to three years imprisonment or 500,000 yen fine for arranging, facilitating, or receiving compensation for surrogacy within Japan
    • Surrogacy contracts are void ab initio under Civil Code Article 90 as acts contrary to public policy, with no legal enforcement mechanism or dispute resolution available
    • 2007 Supreme Court ruling established that the woman who gives birth is the legal mother regardless of genetics, and rejected a Nevada court's foreign surrogacy judgment as contrary to public policy
    • No operational surrogacy clinics exist; the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (JSOG) has banned member physicians from performing surrogacy since 2003
    • No pre-birth orders or legal parental recognition mechanism exists; adoption through Family Court is the only pathway but is uncertain and time-consuming, particularly for foreign nationals

    Read the full Japan report →

  12. 12 South Korea KR 1.0/5 Poor South Korea presents one of the most hostile legal environments globally for international surrogacy. Although no explicit surrogacy statute exists, enforcement authorities treat all surrogacy as illegal under the Bio... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 9 cited points
    • Any form of surrogacy is considered illegal in South Korea by enforcement authorities, despite absence of explicit surrogacy statute
    • Bioethics and Safety Act criminalizes payment for embryos, eggs, or sperm with penalties up to 3 years imprisonment
    • Child Welfare Act treats payment for child transfer as child trafficking, with penalties up to 5 years imprisonment or 30 million won fine
    • Surrogacy contracts are void under Article 103 of the Civil Act as contrary to good morals and social order
    • Birth mother is presumed the legal parent regardless of genetics; intended parents must go through adoption (lengthy, no guarantee)
    • IVF restrictions apply equally to foreign couples, even with legal marriage licenses from other countries
    • Recent prosecutions (including 13-year-old case uncovered during nationwide investigation) and government monitoring demonstrate increasing enforcement
    • Most hospitals and fertility clinics refuse to participate in surrogacy due to ethical concerns and fear of liability
    • Korean courts likely to refuse recognition of foreign surrogacy arrangements on grounds of public policy violation

    Read the full South Korea report →

  13. 13 Spain ES 1.0/5 Poor Spain has an explicitly prohibitive legal framework making commercial surrogacy completely unavailable for any intended parents, domestic or foreign. All surrogacy contracts are null and void under Article 10 of Law 1... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 5 cited points
    • Article 10 of Law 14/2006 (LTRHA) explicitly nullifies all surrogacy contracts (paid or unpaid) as null and void
    • Article 221 of the Penal Code criminalizes economic transactions related to surrogacy with penalties of 1-5 years imprisonment
    • Supreme Court (STS 1626/2024, December 4, 2024) refused recognition of foreign surrogacy judgments, holding them contrary to Spanish public order and characterizing surrogacy as exploitation of women
    • Instruction BOE-A-2025-8647 (effective May 1, 2025) banned consular registration of surrogacy births and cancelled all pending applications, eliminating the final practical workaround
    • Spain is not a surrogacy destination: no fertility clinics offer surrogacy programs, no legal pathway exists for any intended parents (foreign or domestic), and no regulatory oversight body exists because the practice is criminalized rather than regulated

    Read the full Spain report →

  14. 14 Poland PL 1.0/5 Poor Poland explicitly prohibits all surrogacy through statutory law (Article 619 of the Family Code voiding surrogacy contracts, the 2015 Act on Infertility Treatment criminalizing IVF for surrogacy). The country imposes ... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 4 cited points
    • Article 619 of the Polish Family and Guardianship Code defines legal motherhood exclusively as the birth mother, rendering all surrogacy contracts void from inception
    • The 2015 Act on Infertility Treatment explicitly forbids IVF procedures in surrogacy arrangements and establishes criminal sanctions up to one year imprisonment for medical professionals
    • Poland does not recognize the legal effects of foreign surrogacy arrangements; ECHR confirmed in S.-H. v. Poland (2021) that the European Convention does not require such recognition
    • No pre-birth orders exist; birth certificate transcription for surrogate-born children is routinely refused on public policy grounds; Poland's Supreme Administrative Court categorically prohibits recognition of same-sex parents

    Read the full Poland report →

  15. 15 Singapore SG 1.0/5 Poor Singapore maintains an effective prohibition on all forms of commercial surrogacy for foreign intended parents, enforced through MOH regulatory directives (March 31, 2006) with license suspension penalties, SCARTA 201... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 6 cited points
    • MOH directive of March 31, 2006 prohibits all assisted reproduction centres from conducting surrogacy; violations result in license suspension or revocation
    • SCARTA 2013 designates the gestational mother as the legal mother from the date of birth, regardless of genetic contribution, with no automatic standing for intended parents
    • Adoption of Children Act 2022 Section 11 prohibits commercial payments for the transfer of children, interpreted by courts to cover commercial surrogacy
    • Landmark case Re UKM [2018] SGFC 20 shows courts denying adoption applications for surrogacy-born children citing policy concerns about commodifying children
    • MSF's May 2024 official policy statement explicitly excludes same-sex couples and single foreign intended parents from even the limited tolerance extended to married couples pursuing overseas surrogacy
    • No clinic in Singapore provides surrogacy services; no pre-birth orders exist; Singapore courts refuse to enforce overseas surrogacy agreements

    Read the full Singapore report →

  16. 16 Thailand TH 1.0/5 Poor Commercial surrogacy is explicitly illegal for foreign intended parents in Thailand under the 2015 Protection for Children Born Through Assisted Reproductive Technologies Act. Foreign nationals face complete prohibiti... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 5 cited points
    • Thailand does not currently allow surrogacy for foreigners—federal law passed in 2015 formally bans commercial surrogacy for all intended parents and explicitly prohibits foreign intended parents from pursuing surrogacy arrangements.
    • Criminal penalties: Anyone involved in commercial surrogacy faces imprisonment for up to ten years or a fine of up to 200,000 Baht (~US$6,140), and agents facilitating surrogacy face 5 years imprisonment and fines up to 100,000 baht.
    • Contracts are unenforceable: Surrogacy agreements are not legally enforceable in Thailand; the surrogate mother retains the right to refuse procedures including pregnancy termination, making arrangements voidable.
    • Foreign nationals explicitly excluded: The law stipulates that only married Thai nationals (or foreigners married to Thai nationals for 3+ years) using family member surrogates can legally pursue surrogacy, with no commercial compensation allowed.
    • As of February 2025, proposed amendments permitting foreign and same-sex couples have not yet been enacted, maintaining the complete prohibition on international surrogacy.

    Read the full Thailand report →

  17. 17 Turkey TR 1.0/5 Poor Turkey explicitly prohibits commercial surrogacy for all participants including foreign intended parents, with criminal penalties of 1-3 years imprisonment under Article 231 of the Turkish Penal Code. Surrogacy contra... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 5 cited points
    • Surrogacy has been explicitly illegal in Turkey since 1987, with prohibitions strengthened and made extraterritorial in the 2010 amendments, establishing one of the world's most restrictive legal frameworks
    • Article 282 of the Turkish Civil Code establishes that maternal descent is determined by birth, meaning the surrogate mother is automatically the legal mother regardless of genetic relationship, with no pre-birth orders or adoption procedures available
    • Article 231 of the Turkish Penal Code criminalizes changing or obscuring a child's ancestry with penalties of 1-3 years imprisonment, applying to intended parents, surrogates, medical professionals, and intermediaries
    • In March 2010, Turkey became the first country to legislate against cross-border reproductive travel, extending criminal liability to Turkish citizens and residents who seek surrogacy abroad, with prison sentences up to three years
    • No legal protections exist for surrogacy contracts, which are explicitly void as contrary to mandatory rules, personal rights, and public morality, leaving intended parents with zero legal recourse if disputes arise

    Read the full Turkey report →

  18. 18 United Kingdom GB 1.0/5 Poor The UK explicitly criminalizes commercial surrogacy under Section 2 of the Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985, carrying penalties of up to three months imprisonment. For foreign intended parents, the domicile requirement... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 5 cited points
    • Commercial surrogacy is a criminal offense under Section 2 of the Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985 with penalties up to 3 months imprisonment and/or fine
    • Domicile requirement for parental orders effectively prohibits foreign nationals from participating in UK surrogacy arrangements
    • Surrogacy contracts are legally unenforceable under Section 1A of the 1985 Act; no party can be compelled to comply
    • The report explicitly states: 'The UK is not generally a surrogacy destination country for non-UK parents' and presents an 'extremely inhospitable legal environment for foreign intended parents'
    • Government confirmed in April 2025 that surrogacy law reform cannot be prioritized, leaving the restrictive 1985 framework indefinitely in place

    Read the full United Kingdom report →

  19. 19 Germany DE 1.0/5 Poor Commercial and altruistic surrogacy are both explicitly prohibited in Germany under the Embryo Protection Act (ESchG §1(1)(7)) and Adoption Placement Act (AdVermiG), with criminal penalties of up to three years impris... Full report
    The evidence behind this score 5 cited points
    • §1(1) No. 7 ESchG (1991) and §§13c–13d, 14b AdVermiG explicitly criminalize all forms of surrogacy; no exceptions for international intended parents exist
    • Surrogacy contracts are void under BGB §§134 and 138 as illegal and immoral; wholly unenforceable with no dispute resolution mechanism
    • Foreign intended parents cannot access any surrogacy services in Germany; German fertility clinics are not authorized to perform surrogacy under criminal law
    • Birth mother is irrefutably the legal mother under BGB §1591 with no exceptions; intended mother can only achieve parenthood through formal adoption, and intended genetic father may acknowledge paternity only at a consulate
    • Recent legal developments have reinforced prohibition: 2024 expert commission recommended maintaining the ban, 2025 coalition agreement is silent on reform, November 2024 ECHR decision endorsed Germany's restrictive parentage regime, and conservative civil society organizations are intensifying lobbying against any weakening of the law

    Read the full Germany report →

Reading the field

What separates a good programme from a dangerous one

Every country above is graded against this published scale — the same 1–5 rubric for surrogacy legality, top to bottom. How we score →

  1. 5/5 Excellent

    Commercial surrogacy is explicitly legal for foreign intended parents with comprehensive statutory framework. Surrogacy contracts are fully enforceable with clear dispute resolution mechanisms. Streamlined legal procedures exist for establishing parental rights (pre-birth orders or equivalent). Minimal restrictions on foreign participation beyond basic medical/age requirements. Strong legal precedents supporting international surrogacy. Recent legal developments favor or maintain favorable status. Clear exit procedures for international families. Government agencies provide active support and regulation.

  2. 4/5 Good

    Commercial surrogacy is legal for foreign intended parents with established legal framework. Contracts are generally enforceable with available dispute resolution. Legal procedures for parental rights are clear but may involve some bureaucratic steps. Some reasonable restrictions on foreign participation (marital status, age limits). Supportive legal precedents exist. Legal environment is stable with no adverse recent changes. Exit procedures are defined and manageable. Regulatory oversight exists.

  3. 3/5 Moderate

    Commercial surrogacy has unclear or mixed legal status for foreigners, or laws exist but with significant gaps. Limited enforceability of contracts or uncertain dispute resolution mechanisms. Complex or bureaucratic procedures for establishing parental rights. Moderate restrictions on foreign participation or unclear eligibility criteria. Few relevant legal precedents or mixed court decisions. Some legal uncertainty or recent changes that create ambiguity. Exit procedures exist but may be complicated. Limited regulatory framework.

  4. 2/5 Poor

    Commercial surrogacy is heavily restricted for foreign intended parents or exists in legal grey area. Contracts have questionable enforceability or limited legal protection. Difficult or uncertain procedures for establishing parental rights. Significant restrictions on foreign participation or discriminatory requirements. Adverse legal precedents or lack of supportive case law. Recent legal changes have created uncertainty or reduced access. Complex or problematic exit procedures. Minimal regulatory oversight.

  5. 1/5 Very Poor / Unavailable

    Commercial surrogacy is explicitly illegal for foreign intended parents or completely prohibited. No legal framework exists, or existing laws criminalize surrogacy arrangements. Contracts are unenforceable or void. No legal mechanism for intended parents to establish parental rights. Foreign participation is prohibited or faces severe legal restrictions. Adverse legal environment with criminal penalties. Recent legal changes have banned or severely restricted surrogacy. No clear exit procedures or legal barriers to leaving with children. No regulatory framework or hostile government stance.

The reports

The full country reports under this lens

Each destination we have assessed has a full, cited report — the detailed analysis behind its score. The verdict is free; the report is the depth.

Clinics & providers

The clinics our research names

Named hospitals, clinics and centres cited across these findings — each carrying the specialties our reports record. Follow one to the reports behind it.

References

The sources behind these assessments

The distinct sources cited across these published reports — every finding carries its own citations; this is the union, each linking back to the reports that lean on it.

  1. Untitled source www.e-kjme.org/archive/view_article?pid=kjme-19-1-36 Cited in Surrogacy Legality in South Korea
  2. Untitled source www.immigratesmarter.com/art-and-surrogacy.html Cited in Surrogacy Legality in United States
  3. Untitled source www.thailawforum.com/thailand-draft-surrogacy-law Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Thailand
  4. Untitled source alfalawfirm.com/paternity-law-establishment-a-legal-overview Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Turkey
  5. Untitled source artregistry.icmr.org.in/about-us/national-art-surrogacy-registry Cited in Surrogacy Legality in India
  6. Untitled source artsurrogacy.gov.in/pages/national-art-&-surrogacy-registry Cited in Surrogacy Legality in India
  7. Untitled source ashaivf.com/blog/navigating-the-new-era-indias-2024-surrogacy-guidelines Cited in Surrogacy Legality in India
  8. Untitled source av-saimincekas.com/en/kanunlar/tmk/turk-medeni-kanunu-madde-282 Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Turkey
  9. Untitled source babygest.com/en/surrogacy-in-israel Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Israel
  10. Untitled source babygest.com/en/surrogacy-in-mexico Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Mexico
  11. Untitled source babygest.com/en/surrogacy-in-thailand Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Thailand
  12. Untitled source bloomkorea.co/blog/fertility-laws-in-south-korea-what-you-need-to-know Cited in Surrogacy Legality in South Korea
  13. Untitled source brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/bjil/vol41/iss2/9 Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Thailand
  14. Untitled source carem.mx/en/category/surrogacy-mexico Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Mexico
  15. Untitled source carem.mx/en/surrogacy-contracts-mexico Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Mexico
  16. Untitled source carem.mx/en/surrogacy-mexico-legal-process Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Mexico
  17. Untitled source carem.mx/en/surrogacy-requirements-in-mexico Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Mexico
  18. Untitled source carem.mx/en/surrogate-pregnancy-laws-in-mexico-for-foreigners Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Mexico
  19. Untitled source carem.mx/en/what-is-the-amparo-law-for-surrogacy-in-mexico Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Mexico
  20. Untitled source cheapsurrogacy.com/2025/10/03/surrogacy-in-thailand Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Thailand
  21. Untitled source completesurrogacy.com/surrogacy-in-mexico-for-foreigners Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Mexico
  22. Untitled source creativefamilyconnections.com/blog/international-surrogacy-in-mexico Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Mexico
  23. Untitled source creativefamilyconnections.com/us-surrogacy-law-map Cited in Surrogacy Legality in United States
  24. Untitled source cryologistics.co/2025/04/01/blog-the-ultimate-guide-to-surrogacy-in-mexico Cited in Surrogacy Legality in Mexico

Explore the source archive →

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